New multi-source waste co-incineration and clustering park operating model for small- and medium-sized city: A case study in China.

With improvements in urban waste management to promote sustainable development, an increasing number of waste types need to be sorted and treated separately. Due to the relatively low amount of waste generated in small- and medium-sized cities, separate treatment facilities for each waste type lack scale, waste is treated at a high cost and low efficiency. Therefore, industrial symbiosis principles are suggested to be used to guide collaborative waste treatment system of multi-source solid wastes, and co-incineration is the most commonly used technology. Most existing studies have focused on co-incineration of one certain waste type (such as sludge or medical waste) with municipal solid waste (MSW), but the systematic design and the comprehensive benefits on a whole city and park level have not been widely studied. Taking the actual operation of a multi-source waste co-incineration park in south-central China as an example, this study conducted a detailed analysis of the waste-energy-water metabolism process of MSW, sludge, food waste, and medical waste co-incineration. The environmental and economic benefits were evaluated and compared with the single decentralized waste treatment mode. The results showed that the multi-source waste co-incineration and clustering park operating model was comprehensively superior to the single treatment mode, greenhouse gases and human toxicity indicators were decreased by 11.87% and 295.74%, respectively, and the internal rate of return of the project was increased by 29.35%. This mainly benefits from the synergy of technical system and the economies of scale. Finally, this research proposed policy suggestions from systematic planning and design, technical route selection, and an innovative management mode in view of the potential challenges.

Single-use plastic bag alternatives result in higher environmental impacts: Multi-regional analysis in country with uneven waste management.

Single-use plastics (SUPs) have been the focus of plastic pollution control, and limiting their use while shifting to other alternatives have been widely promoted in various countries. This study tries to verify the life cycle environmental performances of single-use plastic bag and its alternatives under different scenarios in real world. China is chosen as case study, where provincial variability is prominent in waste disposal, and strictest plastics ban has issued lately in this worldwide biggest market. The study found that HDPE plastic bags have relatively lowest environmental footprints regarding to Acidification Potential, Global Warming Potential, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Eutrophication Potential, Fossil Fuel Depletion Potential and Water Use. Sticking to current waste treatment, large-scale promotion of degradable products will increase environmental impacts by 1.4-22.6 times nationwide. Xinjiang has highest impact of using plastic bag at household level, due to its long-distance transport and high landfill ratio. Henan and Hebei will trigger the most significant changes in Global Warming Potential of 4.6 and 4.4 times if single-use plastic bags are all replaced with other alternatives. Uncertainty and sensitivity test further prove the robustness of results, and extends geographical implications of the findings. These suggest that introduction of new alternatives requires systematic deployment with full life cycle thinking, and SUPs pollution control should be a holistic transformation. Reducing bag weight while ensuring carrying capacity, purchasing local products to shorten transportation distances and shifting towards cleaner energy sources are synergetic ways to reduce the environmental impact of single-use plastic products.

Green transformation strategy of pallet logistics in China based on the life cycle analysis.

The Anthropocene is a new geologic epoch defined by the significant impact of human activity on the planet. Industrialisation and population growth have altered the natural environment. The logistics industry, which facilitates economic development and enhances human well-being, relies on logistic carriers as essential equipment. Pallets, the most representative tools of logistic carriers, transport more than 80 % of the world's trade. The conventional pallet market structure is largely determined by economic and convenience factors, but in light of the global environmental changes, the leading users of pallet products have raised their environmental standards, making environmental performance a key factor in the pallet industry. While China is the second largest pallet holder and accounts for 25 % of the global pallet holdings, it lacks an in-depth understanding on the pallet market structure, the environmental effects, and the barriers for developing pallet sharing system in China. This study conducts comprehensive field studies to reveal the pallet market structure in China, applies life cycle assessment to present a cradle to grave environmental evaluation of the five widely-used pallet material types that account for 99 % of market share, and compare various end-of-life treatment methods using scenario analysis. Results show that the current market structure does not align with the optimal environmental outcomes, but would be improved by establishing the circulation-sharing system. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the pallet industry to undergo a green transition. The focus for developing a sharing system should be on engaging the leading user enterprises in the supply chain, rather than merely relying on the pallet manufacturers who have limited bargaining power. Additionally, the environmental impacts can be reduced by 20 % to 300 % via choosing the appropriate end-of-life treatment method for each pallet material type.

Analysis of China's non-ferrous metals industry's path to peak carbon: A whole life cycle industry chain based on copper.

Copper is an essential nonferrous metal, and the adjustment of its whole industry chain structure is conducive to realizing a carbon peak in the nonferrous metal industry. We have performed a life cycle assessment to calculate the carbon emissions of the copper industry. Based on the carbon emissions scenarios of shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), we have utilized material flow analysis and system dynamics to analyze the structural changes in the copper industry chain from 2022 to 2060 in China. The results show that (1) the flows and in-use stocks of all types of copper resources will increase significantly. The overall copper supply may meet demand around 2040-2045 due to secondary copper production potentially replacing primary copper production to a large extent, and trade supply is the primary pathway for meeting copper demand. (2) The total carbon emissions from the regeneration system are the smallest (4 %), followed by the production and trade subsystems, accounting for 48 %. The embodied carbon emissions from copper product trade in China have expanded annually. (3) Under the SSP scenario, the copper chain carbon emission peak will be achieved by approximately 2040. Based on a balanced copper supply and demand scenario, the recycled copper recovery efficiency must reach 84.6 %, and the energy structure (the proportion of non-fossil energy in electricity) must reach 63.8 % by 2030 to achieve the carbon peak target for the copper industry chain in China. The above conclusions indicate that actively promoting adjustments in the energy structure and resource recovery processes may help encourage the carbon peak of nonferrous metals in China by realizing the carbon peak of the copper industry.

The economic and environmental impacts of shared collection service systems for retired electric vehicle batteries.

One of the impending consequences of the rapid penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) is that a substantial amount of expired EV batteries will present an increasing waste collection and management problem, particularly in the urban context. Motivated by a lack of research on this issue, this paper comprehensively evaluates the relative benefits of shared versus non-shared collection systems, where the service outlets are not exclusive to specified automakers. Using a mixed-integer optimization model, the analysis features spatiotemporal and multiple stakeholder complexities. Based on the historical monthly EV sales data from 2016 to 2021, a representative case study of Beijing, China is conducted, including 16 district centers, 32 major automobile manufacturers, 153 collection service outlets and 4 disposal centers. The results show that a shared collection service system leads to higher profitability, higher collection rates, increased environmental benefits and improved facility utilization. Consequently, this research contributes to supply chain liberalization to foster the efficient waste management of EV batteries. With a further model extension, it can also provide decision support for the policy-making of more countries.

The eco-efficiency evaluation in China's cement industry: A city-level study.

To implement strict environmental targets in China's cement industry into small regions, one should evaluate the city-level eco-efficiency that provides comprehensive instruction. This study establishes a plant-level database with 4000+ production lines located in 341 cities, calculates the energy consumption and CO2, SO2, NOx, and PM emissions, evaluates the eco-efficiency in each city via Slacks-based Measure, and verifies the spatial features of these indicators. Results show that the energy consumption and emissions of the industry are highly concentrated, with ~10 % of the land area contributing to 28.4 %-34.6 % of the total amounts in 2019. The average eco-efficiency value of the clinker calcination and cement grinding processes are 0.761 and 0.714, but the city clusters having low eco-efficiency values are inconsistent with the ones having large energy consumption and emission amounts. The results can contribute to the implementation of the targets such as carbon peaking and pollution cap in China's cement industry.

Cross-media transfer of nitrogen pollution in the fast-urbanized Greater Bay Area of China: Trends and essential control paths.

For urban agglomerations in the bay area, which concentrate multiple environmental elements and intense anthropogenic activities, comprehensive control of nitrogen pollution is particularly challenging due to diverse cross-media migration and transformation forms of nitrogen pollutants. Existing studies on urban nitrogen metabolism mainly focused on quantification of nitrogen flux, without systematic consideration of physiochemical changes of nitrogen between environmental media. This study conducted a dynamic simulation of nitrogen cross-media metabolism in urban agglomeration over 30 consecutive years, and recognized the types, quantities, and trends of cross-media transfer of nitrogen pollution as well as pollution control paths based on ecological network analysis and scenario analysis. Taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as the case, results show that during its fast-urbanized stage in 1989-2018, more than 25% of the total nitrogen pollution emissions were transferred from other media. The higher degree of imbalance between the socioeconomic system and the soil in the nitrogen metabolic network emphasizes the increased pressure and necessity of pollution control of nitrogen in the solid state with urban development. Promoting fertilizer reduction and sludge land use are priority paths for collaborative control of cross-media nitrogen pollution. The study provides methods to systematically analyze the features of cross-media transfer of nitrogen pollution at the city level, and accordingly propose paths aiming at sustainable urban nitrogen management with multi-media integrity and synergy.

Exploring a multisource-data framework for assessing ecological environment conditions in the Yellow River Basin, China.

Ecological environment conditions (EEC) assessment plays an important role in watershed management. However, due to insufficient field data, EEC assessment in large-scale watersheds faces challenges. Our study was conducted to develop an effective EEC assessment method framework that was capable of reducing the use of field data. Three indicators were developed from multisource data, including landscape ecological risk index (LERI), road network density (RND), and industry density (ID). The knowledge-based raster mapping approach integrated the three indicators into an overall score of the EEC. Then model validation was conducted with principal components of water quality from field sampling data by Pearson correlation analysis methods. Finally, we applied and demonstrated the constructed method framework in the EEC assessment of the YRB.The results showed that bad EEC (0.5326 < Overall score ≤ 0.7679) areas were mainly distributed in the northern part of the YRB, showing a circular distribution pattern. The areas with bad EEC were 15.84 million km2, accounting for 19.87 % of the YRB. The area of the highest LERI (0.157 < LERI≤0.246), the highest RND (4.4435 < RND ≤ 8.5574), and the highest ID (0.1403 < ID≤0.2597) finally converted to bad EEC was 7.22 million km2, 0.78 million km2, and 0.91 million km2, respectively. The results indicated that the ecological risk factors were the primary challenges for improving EEC, followed by industrial agglomeration and road network factors. The primary factors affecting EEC varied between the provinces in the YRB, suggesting that provinces take the management strategies and measures should be adaptive. The correlation coefficients between EEC and the principal components of water quality characteristics were between 0.022 and 0.241, P < 0.05. These findings validated that our method framework could distinguish the spatial variation of EEC in detail and further provide effective support for watershed management.

Evaluating the water quality characteristics and tracing the pollutant sources in the Yellow River Basin, China.

Evaluating water quality characteristics (WQC) and tracing pollutant sources (PS) have gradually attracted worldwide attention. This study was conducted to develop an integrated method framework for evaluating WQC, tracing PS, and improving understanding of their relationship to efficiently managing the water environment. The single-factor index, comprehensive water quality index (CWQI), and hazard quotient and hazard index (HQ and HI) were used to evaluate the characteristics of single pollutant concentration, comprehensive concentration, and human health risk, respectively. These evaluation methods combined with relevant standards selected data from the original sampling data. These selected data were used for tracing PS by principal component analysis and Pearson correlation methods. 3384 sampling data were collected in the Yellow River Basin in 2021, and the WQC assessment and pollutant traceability were carried out by using the above-integrated method framework. The results showed that TN(total nitrogen) was the primary pollutant with an average concentration of 4.54 mg/L, followed by CODcr(dichromate oxidizability), NH4+-N(ammonia nitrogen), and TP(total phosphorous). The CWQI values ranged from 1.26 to 110.03, with an average of 7.74, indicating the pollution level of trace elements was excellent. The HQ and HI max values of As(arsenic) and Cr6+(hexavalent chromium) elements were over 1, meaning the elements have negatively affected local human health. Furthermore, the anthropogenic input was the primary pollutant source for TN. The anthropogenic input and agricultural source pollution emission could be considered for CODcr, NH4+-N, TP, and BOD5(five-day biological oxygen demand). The anthropogenic input and the weathering and leaching of loess could be considered for As elements. For Cr6+, F(fluorine), Anionic, and Petroleum, the anthropogenic activities were the primary pollutant sources, including the metal mining and production and the coal mining and processing industry. Our results could provide effective information to support adaptive management measures to improve water environment conditions and protect human health.

The driving effect of technological innovation on green development: dynamic efficiency spatial variation.

In order to further explore the internal transmission mechanism between technological innovation and green development in manufacturing industry under the background of obvious development characteristics in the new era, this paper constructed an integrated methodology system to evaluate the internal impact mechanism of technological innovation value chain efficiency on green development efficiency based on spatial perspective. First, the Network Slack-based model and Global Malmquist-Luenberger model are constructed to reveal the internal development law of technological innovation and green development of manufacturing industry. Secondly, the spatial Dubin model is employed to analyze the impact of current development characteristics and technological innovation on green development. The results show that innovation value chain efficiency is higher than technological innovation efficiency, and economic transformation efficiency is lower than that of technological innovation value chain. During the study period, the efficiency of technological innovation value chain in the four economic regions present fluctuant growth trend, and the eastern region has the highest value. The green development efficiency in the east, central, west, and northeast regions of manufacturing industry is higher than 1, and it shows an obvious spatial agglomeration effect. Besides, the efficiency of technological innovation, information and communication technology, urbanization, and the advanced industrial structure are all conducive to the improvement of green development in manufacturing industry. This paper studies the influence mechanism of technological innovation value chain efficiency on green development based on spatial perspective and puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions to effectively promote green development of manufacturing industry, providing relevant theoretical research for green and high-quality development.

Urban biowaste integrated management based on synergy mechanism and multi-objective optimization: A case study in Suzhou, China.

Urban biowaste is the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) and is a predominant waste type in low- and middle-income countries. Urban biowaste is the main cause of pollution and produces odor and leachate, and it could also serve as a source of energy and nutrient elements. Therefore, urban biowaste management should actuate minimal pollution, maximized resource utilization, and economic feasibility, which makes it a multi-objective problem. With increasing requirements for the classified management of MSW, the complexity of urban biowaste management is increasing, and it is necessary to consider the synergy mechanism between different wastes and technologies from a systematic perspective. We constructed urban biowaste management integrated model (UBMIM) to support urban biowaste management system design and policy formation. Firstly, a dynamic quantitative simulation of the numerical matching and influence conduction was conducted based on technology system synergy mechanism. Secondly, a multi-objective evaluation of the technology system was conducted based on material flow analysis, life cycle assessment, and project economic benefit assessment. On this basis, a multi-objective optimization algorithm was used for technology selection under high-dimensional objectives, and the long-term risks were identified and policy recommendations were made based on an uncertainty analysis algorithm. As a case study for the application research of the model, Suzhou, China, was selected, and integrated technology solutions and policy suggestions were provided for 2020 and 2025. The optimized solution can improve the system's efficiency of energy-saving and emission reduction by 14.5%-400.9% while reducing operating costs and new investments.

Industrial-environmental management in China's iron and steel industry under multiple objectives and uncertainties.

Industrial-environmental management is a multi-objective optimization problem plagued with multiple uncertainties. Most studies only optimize few objectives and often neglect these uncertainties. This study builds a 6-objective optimization problem to quantify energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) potentials in China's iron and steel industry. First, uncertainties are simulated through 100,000-time random sampling, NSGA-II and the mean-effective objective mechanism are applied to calculate optimal solutions. Finally, a global sensitivity analysis is performed to classify uncertainty parameters based on their impacts on objectives' performance. Results show: (1) There exist significant discrepancies between objectives' performance under certainty and uncertainty. For example, the deterministic CO2 intensity is 1148 kg/t, which is 11.93% lower than its value under uncertainty. Therefore, neglecting uncertainty increases the risk of noncompliance with policy targets as they might be too strict; (2) Two critical uncertainty parameters (steel ratios and technology penetration rates) have the most severe impacts on objectives' performance, hence, reducing their fluctuation can minimize uncertainties when estimating ECER potentials; (3) By-product recycling and energy efficiency measures have good performance in all objectives, thus, should be prioritized. Moreover, from 77-strategies assessed, 11 are identified as key-strategies due to their large ECER effects, hence, should be strongly promoted.

Mapping the environmental impacts and policy effectiveness of takeaway food industry in China.

The takeaway food industry, involving more than 0.4 billion consumers in China, has brought mass of packaging waste and salient environmental burden. Here we mapped the distribution of takeaway food industry across China including the industry scale, diet structure and order time based on the analysis of more than 35 million takeaway food orders. The real use situation of various packaging materials in the takeaway food industry market has been clarified. The life cycle assessment of "a piece of takeaway food delivery order" has been carried out in different regions. Results show that in addition to plastic waste generation, takeaway food industry causes more types of environmental impacts. In terms of the national resource consumption, greenhouse gases emission, water pollution and health damage risk, the top 5 ranked provinces in each accounted for 44%, 48%, 43% and 49%, respectively. Under the latest Chinese plastic pollution control policy, the industry needs to reduce 1.12 million tons of non-degradable plastic packaging by the end of 2025, and 65% of the pressure is clustered in the metropolis and provincial capitals. However, without targeted and regionally differentiated plastic pollution control policies, the environmental impact control of takeaway food industry is still ineffective. It is urgent to explore the control measures applicable to different regions. Overall, packaging reduction is more effective than material substitution.

Multi-objective optimization of technology solutions in municipal solid waste treatment system coupled with pollutants cross-media metabolism issues.

The environmental impact, energy conservation, and economic cost are prominent decision criteria in municipal solid waste (MSW) management, among which trade-off relationships widely exist because of different features of pollutant treatment technologies. These three objectives should thereby be simultaneously considered in the design of technology combinations in MSW treatment system (MSWTS). In addition, comprehensive characterization of environmental impact of the whole MSWTS should cover the complex pollutants cross-media metabolism in the treatment of both MSW and subsequent secondary pollution. This study developed a multi-objective optimization model to select optimal technology solutions in MSWTS. Three objectives, the minimizations of total environmental impact calculated from pollutants cross-media metabolism perspective, net energy consumption, and total cost are optimized through the second generation of the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). Final MSW management schemes under environment, energy, and cost preferences are obtained through Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method. This paper uses China's MSWTS as a case study and finds that Pareto optimal solutions can reduce the total environmental impact and the net energy consumption by 24.2% and 7.4% respectively, while increase the total cost by 18.2% in average, compared with the baseline scenario. The promotion of MSW biological treatment technologies, especially anaerobic digestion (AD), can effectively improve the environmental performance of MSWTS, while the current vigorous promotion of MSW incineration in China is not recommended. Sludge co-processing in cement kiln is highly promoted under all three types of management preferences. In summary, the proposed methodology can provide decision support for the optimal design of technology solutions in MSWTS.

Identifying the status and differences between urban and rural residents' behaviors and attitudes toward express packaging waste management in Guangdong Province, China.

With the rapid development of the express delivery industry, the environmental issues of express packaging waste (EPW) have gradually attracted public attention worldwide. As important participants, consumers' behaviors and attitudes will play a vital role in solving the problem. This study uses the conditional value method (CVM) to evaluate the differences in the attitudes and willingness to pay of urban and rural residents toward EPW in Guangdong Province, China. The results show that the respondents have limited knowledge of the recycling situation, relevant policies and environmental impacts of express delivery packaging, although more than 60% of respondents do think that there is a problem with excessive packaging. The low recycling rate for packaging materials is mainly attributed to the lack of recycling facilities and publicity on environmental issues. The differences between urban and rural residents are mainly over disposal methods, the views on excessive packaging and willingness to pay (WTP) for EPW. Finally, the WTP values of urban and rural residents choosing a "deposit" system are 1.58 ($0.24) and 1.79 yuan ($0.28) per piece, respectively, while the WTP values (for increased fees) are 0.64 yuan ($0.10) and 0.60 yuan ($0.09) per piece, respectively. The obtained results may serve as a reference for different regional responses to the promotion and improvement of EPW management in the future.

China's plastic import ban increases prospects of environmental impact mitigation of plastic waste trade flow worldwide.

Since the late 1990s, the trend of plastic waste shipment from developed to developing countries has been increasing. In 2017, China announced an unprecedented ban on its import of most plastic waste, resulting in a sharp decline in global plastic waste trade flow and changes in the treatment structure of countries, whose impacts on global environmental sustainability are enormous but yet unexamined. Here, through the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, we quantified the environmental impacts of changes in the flow patterns and treatment methods of 6 types of plastic waste in 18 countries subsequent to the ban. In the short term, the ban significantly improved four midpoint indicators of environmental impact, albeit contributed to global warming. An annual saving of about 2.35 billion euros of eco-cost was realized, which is equivalent to 56% of plastic waste global trade value in 2017. To achieve global environmental sustainability in the long run, countries should gradually realize the transition from export to domestic management, and from landfill to recycling, which would realize eco-costs savings of about 1.54-3.20 billion euros.

Water-energy-nutrient nexus: Multi-sectoral metabolism analysis and technical path optimization for eco-towns.

The multi-sectoral metabolisms of substance and energy in rural areas are complex, whose optimization is the key to realize resource recycling and energy cascade utilization. Through Substance Flow Analysis (SFA), we establish a Multi-sectoral Metabolism Analysis Model specific to rural areas (MMAM-rural), and investigated the multi-sectoral metabolisms of Liujiadian Town in Beijing city. We simulate the water, energy and nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) metabolisms of a total of five sectors (water, waste management, livestock husbandry, forestry, and residential sectors), and identify the key metabolic flows significant for improving regional metabolism performance of Liujiadian Town. For further technical path optimization, we construct an index system made up of resource utilization efficiency, environmental burden of production and recycling efficiency, and adopt Scenario Analysis to evaluate the water-energy-nutrient metabolism performance under multiple technical scenarios different from disposals of agricultural waste, livestock and poultry manure, and domestic waste. Results show that, for agricultural wastes disposal, the combination scenario of edible fungi cultivation, anaerobic fermentation and aerobic composting is optimal. For livestock and poultry manure, all pig manure should be composted after anaerobic fermentation. For domestic wastes, food wastes require anaerobic fermentation and composting for optimization. Our study provides a model to evaluate metabolism performance of water-energy-nutrient nexus in rural areas, and raises solutions for optimization in the process of eco-town construction.

The city-level precision industrial emission reduction management based on enterprise performance evaluation and path design: A case of Changzhi, China.

Realizing precision management, which is of great importance in city-level emission reduction management, requires scientific identification of key enterprises and differentiated emission reduction measures. However, current studies have not considered the enterprises units, or have not proposed the emission reduction paths of them. To solve this problem, this study chooses Changzhi, an industrialized city in China as a case, and considers 54 enterprises from thermal-power, cement, coking, and iron and steel sectors. The pollution performances, including the indicators of energy intensity and emission intensities of SO2, NOx, and PM of the 54 enterprises are evaluated. After identifying the key enterprises, this study designs their emission reduction paths including three types of measures, and quantifies the emission reduction potential. The results show that: (1) The 54 enterprises have imbalanced pollution performances, as the values have difference of 2-4 orders of magnitude. 13, 10, and 19 enterprises are classified into level A, B, and C respectively. (2) The emission reduction paths of 24 key enterprises are designed, which can reduce 3441.21, 4507.85, and 1683.12 tons of SO2, NOx, and PM. This accounts for 29.4%, 21.2%, and 14.9% of the total emissions. Based on these results, this study puts forward some policy suggestions of precision management measures in Changzhi. In sum, this study provides a methodology into quantitative analysis of precision air pollutant emission reduction management at city level, and put forward some critical insights of cleaner and sustainable production of the enterprises.

Quantitative assessment of energy conservation and emission reduction effects of nationwide industrial symbiosis in China.

Studies on quantifying the energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) effects of industrial symbiosis are mostly confined to micro-level industrial parks or regions, and few are on national level. Focusing on the symbiosis system formed by the iron and steel industry, the thermal power industry, the cement industry, and the social sector in China, this article aims to clarify the contribution of this nationwide industrial symbiosis system to China's total industrial ECER potential and to identify optimal symbiotic technologies that should be emphasized on from 2020 to 2030. By combining traditional bottom-up model and lifecycle material metabolism theory, this article simulates the technology structure of this symbiosis system. By clarifying the ECER mechanisms of different types of symbiotic technologies, this article evaluates the ECER effect of each symbiotic technology as well as the performance of the overall symbiosis system. The results show that: (1) this nationwide industrial symbiosis system can save 35.7 million tons of coal equivalent, and reduce 189 kt of SO2 emissions, 139 kt of NOx emissions, and 64 kt of PM emissions. These ECER effects contribute to 18-43% of China's national industrial ECER targets, which are larger than the potential of promoting energy efficiency technologies and end-of-pipe technologies in each single industry; (2) reutilizing solid wastes from the thermal power industry and the social sector as cementitious materials, as well as recovering iron and zinc from metallurgical dust are key symbiotic fields between 2020 and 2030. Three types of differentiated technology promotion suggestions are put forward.